In Iran's laws, there is no reference to the laws creating the rights, and deespite frequent references to the requirement to observe the laws creating the rights in arbitration, However, the lack of an explanation of the concept and even the lack of reference to the examples of the laws that create the right in the laws makes an obstacle to the determination of its boundaries. Here, the question arises as to which laws can be considered to be the law creating rights? According to some authors opinion, It is only necessary to take into account substantive rules as the laws creating the rights or formal rules can also be placed in this category? It seems that the answer to this question can not be found in the rules. Because of the exception of the two provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure of Iran, there is no reference to the concept of the laws creating the rights elsewhere. And that is why the precise definition of the laws creating the rights, as well as determining its implications in the laws and regulations of Iran, has become one of the most controversial elements of arbitration agreements. Because the lack of a single understanding of its content has added to the scope of ambiguity regarding revoke of arbitrator's verdict.

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: In recent times, spatial critical studies have become well-established as an alternative to the positivist traditions of urban studies. This perspective views urban space as a socio-economic product that reflects the dominant political and economic conditions of society. Consequently, the spatial political economy approach serves as an appropriate framework to study built space, which is inherently a fundamental element of the capitalist mode of production and a commodity that contributes to economic growth, accumulation, and surplus value production. By conceptualising space as a commodity, it encompasses both exchange value and use value, becoming an inseparable attribute and driving force of the economy in generating surplus value. We explore the formation of value and the process of creating value within space production. We ask: What types of values are embedded in urban spaces? How have different forms of value been shaped and directed? Who is impacted by these values? And how can a balance between these values be achieved?Methods: This paper aims to define the concept of value in the production of space and to recognise the formation of value embedded within it. Through a conceptual understanding of value, we explore the trends and controversies in the creation of the built environment, particularly the tendency to prioritise exchange value over use value. The methodology adopted combines interpretivism, with an emphasis on hermeneutic and normative approaches, and post-positivism, with a focus on critical approaches. The central premise is that understanding social realities is insufficient without considering political economy relations.Findings: Employing a deductive strategy, we present several assumptions and observations in Tehran to develop a conceptual framework for creating value in the creation of space. For instance, housing is a clear example where use value is defined by its characteristics in providing a shelter and privacy, while its exchange value lies in its property value and economic driving force. In Tehran, however, with almost 350,000 to 500,000 vacant properties, housing prices have surged by more than 1200 percent in the last decade. This increase has led to social exclusion and poor housing conditions among the lower and middle social strata, indicating a shift from the social and use value of housing to exchange and capital value, effectively depriving housing of its social function. Furthermore, the inner city of Tehran, a historic area that should be vibrant with high-quality public spaces, has seen a predominance of commercial land use on a large scale. Supportive activities such as warehouses and workshops have dramatically reduced the quality of living and public life, resulting in physical dereliction of the urban fabric. This commercial dominance highlights the prioritisation of exchange value over use value, turning the area into one of the most problematic sites in terms of social decay. Similarly, shopping malls and commercial complexes have proliferated across Tehran in recent decades. Although these establishments serve recreational purposes and meet the public’s daily needs, their genuine function has been altered by the restrictions and controls imposed on them. These fully privatised spaces lack publicness, and their inappropriate locations have caused issues for neighbouring residents. This again illustrates the dominance of exchange value, adjusting public spaces to maximise profit at the expense of social value.Conclusion: The research findings reveal that a coalition of urban political actors and capital holders has formed a consensus to transform urban space into a platform for profit-making and the acquisition of exchange value. However, urban space is also a public realm for citizens, who should be given primacy in terms of use value. In this context, it is crucial to prioritise use value in our urban spaces, or at least to regain a balance between exchange and use values, to prevent disparities in spatial development and enhance the quality of the built environment. In order to achieve spatial and social justice and improve the quality of the built environment, the gap between exchange value and use value must be bridged by balancing the interests arising from both values. As long as the development of urban spaces is driven solely by exchange value and financial profits, disregarding public interests and social value, the decline in the quality of public places is inevitable. Given that the market and investors invariably pursue higher profit margins, urban planners and policymakers must identify and address stakeholders’ concerns and needs, especially the intangible ones, to foster the creation of inclusive urban spaces.

Nature has aesthetics of its own, what can provoke the human mind into better recognizing the concept of beauty via mental perception. As such, human mind can interact with the nonverbal expressions of nature only to better his/her primitive aesthetic knowledge and reach a more novel recognition of aestheticism via the practice of interpretative deduction. This article has been the result of a series of discussions and dialogues between the authors on the nature of aesthetic geotouring and exploring the natural phenomena based on the Dialectical Method of Socrates and modelled after the Platonic dialogues. The outcome of this dialectic study brings to light the fact that touring in nature through providing the due opportunity for mental perception of aesthetic phenomena can provide a clearer definition of ‘beauty’ in its rich variety. Aesthetic search as such will culminate in forming a more illuminated mental concept of beauty in mind, what can influence human rationale for aesthetic judgment and enrich even more the texture of human aesthetic creation. Such aesthetico-interpretative endeavor might lead to a higher potential for creating more original works of literature and art and culminate in a better judgment about such aesthetic creations.

The present paper investigated the effectiveness of concept mapping as a learning strategy on EFL students’ self-regulation (metacognitive self-regulation, time and study environment, effort regulation, peer learning, and help seeking). Sixty university students participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, each including thirty students. They were at the intermediate level of English proficiency and studying English either Translation or Literature. Their language proficiency was determined by the Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency (MTELP) (Corrigan, 1979). The instrument to collect data on the students’ selfregulation was the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) (Printrich et al., 1991). The findings revealed that students gained higher self-regulation in writing tasks as the result of the explicit instruction of the concept mapping strategy. The findings have implications for pedagogy as well as for research.

High densities, mainly, in the opinion of settlement in different aspects are undesirable. The difficulty in defining high density illustrates the importance of a contextual approach that incorporates all relevant physical, social, cultural, economic, geographic, ecological, technological, and personal aspects of a situation. Perceived density is a person's subjective evaluation of population or built density; a measure that is related to environmental cues, culture and design. Perceived density may have little to do with the actual measured density. By using the concept of perceived density, the negative effects of densities will decrease. Factors contributing to perceived density are hypothesized to include the perceptual, associational-symbolic and physical aspects of an environment; the temporal aspects of activities and the sociocultural characteristics of actors and settings. The notion of perceived density is based on the fact that any environment offers cues that enable people to judge about an environment's nature, the potential for action that an environment offers and the behavior this is appropriate for that environment. Certain physical and social cues can be read and interpreted as indicating a high-density environment. Other cues can be read as indicating a less dense environment. In both cases, these cues are at least partly independent of the actual number of people per unit area. The degree to which a perceived environment makes demands on our attention and the level of information processing an environment requires are related to the degree of density that is perceived. These factors interact with a person's perceptual abilities because individual thresholds for visual or auditory stimuli may be very different. Physical variables are hypothesized to be related to perceived density by affecting the number of physical sensory stimuli in an environment that indicate the actual or potential presence of people. These physical variables include tight or open spaces; intricate or simple spaces; large or small building height to space ratios; numerous or few signs lights, cars, and people or their traces; the predominance of artificial versus natural elements or smells; high or low noise levels; and the presence or absence of nonresidential or mixed land uses.

As the human needs air to live, the city needs vitality to survive. It is necessary to promote vitality of the city in order to achieve viability. One of vibrant viable and dynamic urban spaces in the world is the “pedestrian mall”; in Iran the concept of such places is not well defined; additionally the large car-dependent thoroughfares and streets in which motor vehicles disturb the citizen’s safety have decreased the city vitality and viability. On the other hand the role of urban public space in which the citizen’s social interactions form and the society culture promotes, in Iran is declining day by day. Furthermore, walking as one of principles of the people’s physical and spiritual health is neglected.This article is based upon a practical research on the urban spaces vitality; the research is done in order to identify the effective factors on the urban spaces vitality and design a lively vibrant urban space regarding the role of buying. In the article, a “lively urban space” is defined as an urban space in which there is a noticeable number of people and diversity of them (ages, sexes, interests and …) in the long period of day time that their activities are generally done in the form of optional or social ones. In this sense, it is supposed to find a effective and acceptable relationship between buying activity and vitality, and safety and vitality regarding to the importance of buying and walking activity in the quality of citizen’s life (in contrast with automobile and motorized movement that impairs the security and safety of people) under the concept namely “Pedestrian Mall”. The research has two hypotheses; the first one is: the shopping centers affect the urban spaces vitality; and the second is: safety and security affect the urban spaces vitality. The case study of the research is Sattarkhan Street of Tehran which is commercially powerful while it doesn’t have enough vitality and viability. After surveying the relative concepts and viewpoints and analyzing the research case study, the research hypotheses will be proved. At the end of the article the analytical model of the research (diagram of the effective factors on urban spaces vitality) is produced. In the model, the concept of effective factors on vitality is divided into macro and micro dimensions. The macro (external) dimension includes factors such as social, economic, cultural and physical indicators; the micro (internal) dimension is divided into physical and nonphysical indicators. These two indicators include some variables such as urban design, land use, activities, interactions, social events etc. Other underlying factors that are not shown in the model are variables such as legibility, sense of place, architectural distinctiveness, the linkages in design terms between different parts of the city, the quality of street lighting and how safe, friendly and psychologically approachable the urban space is. The last part comprises the conclusion and suggestion; in this section physical and nonphysical suggestions are submitted (e.g. activities and spaces) in order to enhance the vitality and viability of the street.

The researching of contemporary architecture shows that in the recent period, due to modernization in the structure of society, a gap has been created between traditional and contemporary architecture. Resolving the identity crisis problem in architecture requires extensive studies on Identity-Creating Notion in native architecture. For this purpose, in this study, principles have been studied such as the "Illuminated heart" as an expression of transparency in Iranian architecture. The results show that if it is possible to comprehend the meaning of these concepts properly in appearance and exterior we can give the works a native identity. In the meantime, the study of the neighboring country of Turkey, which has historical similarities in terms of traditional architecture as well as modernization in the community as well as Iran, and its way of dealing with this issue in comparative analysis of architectural studies can provide better results. In this study, with more than nine decades of architectural study, this question is answered whether the presence or absence of "Illuminated heart" in contemporary architectural works can be a sign of the identity of native architecture over the past hundred years? In this research, with the help of library studies, the study of the "Illuminated heart" as the concept of identification in the architecture of Iran and Turkey was studied, and after quantitative studies and data analysis methods, considering the conditions of the contemporary era, the results have been obtained that the results indicate that in contemporary buildings in every decade, based on the conditions of the society, and the way of the presence of architects and their approach, The decline has been in the architectural identity. And where architects deliberately sought to express the concepts of the identity in their works, they could be seen in the restoration of native identity in architecture.

Objective: This article examines the hidden and obvious potentials of manuscript treasures to generate new symbolic capital. This research tries to create narrative scientific-historical museums by using manuscripts. Methodology: This article has been implemented by analytical-descriptive method and using library resources. In this research, the word museum is interpreted using mythological knowledge. A new design is introduced for the layout and architecture of museums using the patterns of temples and mythical mirrors. Finally, the need to create narrative museums based on manuscripts is explained. Findings: Manuscript treasures are hidden capital. By narrating them in scientific-historical museums, new symbolic capitals are created for the society. There are three fields of tourism, art and education in the museum. Manuscripts can become symbolic capital with narration in these fields. Conclusion: Manuscripts show the antiquity of civilization and culture. Displaying and creating narratives for these manuscripts will introduce people to their history and identity. This museum transforms cultural capital into symbolic capital and creates development in this way. These museums can be designed like temples. In addition to the field of tourism, museums also have a function in the field of education. In the field of identity, museums are effective and can be useful. Visualizing the history of science and scientific concepts in the form of narrative museums is used in education, identification and the creation of symbolic assets. In addition, such a museum can have consequences similar to the messages of mythical mirrors for the visitor. The imitation of mythical temples and mirrors in the design of the museum can arouse the collective subconscious of the visitor and place him in a space similar to the mythical space. A quasi-mythical atmosphere in which the visitor experiences a return to previous historical periods, liberation from linear time, and a sense of renewal based on the presence of a mythical sacred time. A quasi-mythical atmosphere in which the visitor by experiencing the transition from historical periods, escape from everyday worries and challenges and feel the sense of renewal. Museum of Persian Prose can be established using this approach. Visualizing the history of prose for people by using narration can change their view of prose literature. Establishing a museum in this way can make people interested in prose and affect their lives. Khorasan and especially the old Baihaq, which is known as the capital of Persian prose due to the abundance of influential figures on Persian prose, is the best place to open such a museum.

Concept creating is making or discovering the relationship or finding a new integration between a subject and an object which have no apparent relationship. Concept creating is more common in one of the Persian poetry styles called Indian style that Kalim Kashani, a famous poet of 11th century, is an adherent of this style, and his book (complete poetical works) containing 590 lyrics is one of the significant works of the era. One of the prominent characteristics of his lyrics is concept creating. Methods and tricks of concept creating include: equation style, exaggeration, wide simile and motifs, which have been used in perfection by Kalim. In order to examine the methods and tricks of concept creating, Kalim’s book has been studied and facts containing concepts have been extracted, evaluated and described in some sections of equation styles including: exaggeration, wide simile and motifs.  Examining concept creating in Kalim’s poems, it became clear that this poet has used equation style to create concept more than all the other methods by applying wide simile, motifs and exaggeration.